INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE STUDENT

My Study Plan:

The book of Proverbs offers valuable guidance on how to conduct our lives successfully as disciples of Jesus Christ.

Proverbs 16:3:

Commit thy works unto the LORD, and thy thoughts shall be established.

Preparing a Study Plan before starting your Study Guide will assist you in successfully completing it within a designated timeframe. It also helps in developing the discipline required for studying God’s Word effectively.

My Workbook Journal

Keep a record as you progress through your Study Guide, including the “Personal Responses”, for each section for future reference and goal setting.

Content

• INTRODUCTION
• THE LAW
• THE FIVE BOOKS OF THE LAW
• THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LAW
• OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY
• THE TWELVE HISTORICAL BOOKS
• INTRODUCTION: THE BOOKS OF POETRY
• THE FIVE BOOKS OF POETRY
• WISDOM FOR EVERYDAY LIVING
• SUMMARY

Important Points:

• COGMA does not claim to be infallible or the authority.
• Infallibility and authority belong only to God and His Word.

COGMA therefore strongly advises that you prayerfully study the content of each Study Guide with the heart of a Berean: "Acts 17:10-12"

Contact and Links

INTRODUCTION

Overview of the Books of the Law

In our ongoing study of "Understanding the Bible," we'll explore the initial five books known as the Books of the Law. These books outline various laws, some of which are still relevant today, while others are not. The primary aim of these laws is to unveil Jesus Christ.

Overview of the Books of History

Following this, we'll delve into the Books of History, examining their themes and discovering valuable insights about God through Israel's past in the Old Testament. These historical accounts serve not only to inform us about the past but also to guide us in present-day living.

THE LAW

The Law of Moses

I.The First Five Books of the Old Testament

The first five books of the Old Testament are known by various names:

• The Law
• The Five Books of Moses
• The Pentateuch, which means "five volumes"

II.The Torah

In Hebrew, these books are called the "Torah," meaning law or instruction.

Joshua 24:26 refers to them as the "book of the law of God," and 2 Chronicles 17:9 mentions that Judah was instructed from the "book of the law of the LORD."

2 Chronicles 17:9 states:

And they taught in Judah, and had the book of the law of the LORD with them, and went about throughout all the cities of Judah, and taught the people.

Jesus referred to these books as "the law" in Matthew 12:5, and Luke called them the "law of the Lord" in Luke 2:23. Paul also mentioned the "book of the law" in Galatians 3:10.

III.Writer of the Law

Traditionally, these books are attributed to Moses as their writer. Evidence suggests that at least a portion of them were authored by Moses, as Scriptures mention the "law of Moses" in 1 Kings 2:3 and Luke 2:22. Additionally, the Gospel of Mark speaks of the "book of Moses" in Mark 12:26.

It is widely believed that Joshua wrote the concluding part of Deuteronomy, which details the death of Moses.

THE FIVE BOOKS OF THE LAW

Overview of Genesis

Genesis is not only the first book of the Bible but also the longest, covering a period of over 2,000 years, from 4004 BC to approximately 1805 BC. It comprises fifty chapters and is believed to have been written by Moses during the Exodus, around 1430 BC.

I.Key Stories in Genesis

Genesis contains many foundational Bible stories, including:

• Creation
• The Fall of Man
• Abraham’s Journey
• The Tower of Babel
• Noah’s Ark
• Isaac is almost sacrificed
• Jacob sees the Ladder
• Jacob’s name is changed to Israel
• Joseph is kidnapped to Egypt

II.Themes in Genesis

Beginnings: This first book of the Pentateuch explores "beginnings." It covers the start of the world, humanity, sin, societies, marriage, languages, and nations, including the birth of the nation of Israel, from which the world's Saviour would emerge. However, Genesis does not detail God's beginning because He is eternal, without a start or an end.

The First Commandment: Within Genesis, we encounter the first commandment ever given by God to humanity. This was discussed in a previous module.

Genesis 2:17 states:

But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.

III.Structure of Genesis:

Genesis can be broken down into two parts:

• Prehistory: This includes everything from Genesis 1 to 12, or everything until the birth of Abraham. The first part includes Creation, the Great Flood, and the Tower of Babel.
• The Story of the Patriarchs: From Genesis 12 to 50, the story focuses on the Patriarchs—Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac’s son Jacob. Jacob, also the father of Joseph, plays a key role, though Joseph is not considered a patriarch.

Overview of Exodus

Exodus is the second book of the Pentateuch, written by Moses around 1400 BC. The name "Exodus" means “going out” or “departure,” and the book covers the period from approximately 1525 BC through 1400 BC, comprising forty chapters.

I.Theme of Exodus

Exodus gives an account of how God delivered His people from Egyptian bondage. This is not only a historical record of the nation of Israel but also helps us to understand the story of redemption that was fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ.

II.Key Events in Exodus

• Moses at the Burning Bush
• The Ten Plagues of Egypt
• Moses Parts the Red Sea
• The Ten Commandments

III.Important Points About Exodus

• Chapters 1-2: Cover events before Moses was called to lead Israel out of Egypt.
• Chapter 3: Tells the story of the Burning Bush and Moses’ call.
• Chapters 7-12: Describe the Ten Plagues of Egypt, including the Passover, established with the 10th plague that called for the death of the oldest child of both man and beast.
• Chapter 13: Begins the Exodus.
• Chapter 20: Contains the Ten Commandments, also called the "Decalogue," meaning "ten words" or "sayings."
• The stories are mostly over for the remaining 20 chapters, except for chapter 32, which contains the story of the Golden Calf.
• The other chapters contain laws and instructions for constructing the first tabernacle.

Overview of Leviticus

Leviticus is the third book of the Pentateuch, written by Moses around 1445 BC. It contains 27 chapters with rules about worship, sacrifices, and offerings to the Lord.

I.Time Period and Significance

The time period covered by Leviticus extends from 1445 BC to the crucifixion of Jesus in 31 A.D. The book of Acts reveals that converted Jews continued to practice the law of Moses up to the destruction of the temple in 70 A.D.

II.Origin of the Name "Leviticus"

The word "Leviticus" comes from "Levi," and the book essentially contains rules to be followed by the priests from the tribe of Levi.

III.God’s Holiness and the Call for Purity

God, being holy, desires His people to be clean and set apart. The laws in Leviticus help distinguish between what is clean and unclean, holy and unholy.

IV.Understanding Jesus' Sacrifice

While Leviticus might seem challenging, it is crucial for understanding Jesus' ultimate sacrifice at Calvary. Although often seen as strict legalism, Leviticus actually points to Christ's fulfillment and teaches the principle of love, central to the New Testament.

Leviticus 19:18 states:

Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD.

V.Important Points About Leviticus

• Laws for Safety, Health, and Harmony: Leviticus primarily consists of laws aimed at ensuring the safety, health, and harmony of the Hebrew people.
• Priestly Duties: Only priests from the tribe of Levi, descendants of Aaron (Moses' brother), could serve.
• Clean and Unclean: The book outlines what is considered "unclean," including certain animals and insects, to promote cleanliness and prevent illness.
• The Day of Atonement: An annual ceremony where the High Priest enters the Holy of Holies to offer a sacrifice for the nation's sins, emphasizing its solemnity and exclusivity.

Overview of Numbers

Numbers is the fourth book of the Pentateuch, penned by Moses around 1400 BC. It consists of 36 chapters filled with many stories and records.

I.Time Period and Themes

Covering the period from 1450 to 1400 BC, Numbers chiefly recounts the forty-year wilderness wanderings of the Hebrews. Also known as the "Book of the March" or "Roll Call," this book illustrates the gravity of sin in God's eyes, evident through His punishments for idol worship.

II.Key Events in Numbers

• Chapter 13: The account of the spies sent to explore the land of Canaan, revealing Israel's lack of faith except for Joshua and Caleb, who advocated for immediate possession of the land.
• Chapter 20: The incident where Moses disobeys God's instruction by striking the rock twice instead of speaking to it, leading to both himself and Aaron being prevented from entering Canaan.
• Chapter 22: The intriguing story of Balaam's donkey speaking, a remarkable event illustrating God's ability to use unconventional means to convey His message.

III.Important Points About Numbers

• Two Instances of Numbering the Israelites: The book documents two instances of numbering the Israelites—firstly, before their departure from Mount Sinai in Chapter 1, and secondly, before their entry into Canaan.
• God’s Wrath: The book underscores God's wrath against idolatry. For instance, when King Balak of the Moabites led Israel astray to worship Baal, God's wrath was so fierce that 24,000 perished.

Overview of Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy is the fifth and final book of the Pentateuch, penned by Moses around 1400 BC, except for the record of his death, written by an unknown scribe. It consists of 34 chapters containing speeches and instructions.

I.Theme of Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy, also known as the "Second Giving of the Law," features Moses delivering three distinct speeches to remind the Israelites of their allegiance to God and the importance of obeying His commandments.

II.Setting and Transition

Deuteronomy closes with Israel situated in Moab, where the Jordan River meets the Dead Sea. Numbers transitions seamlessly into Deuteronomy, which unfolds entirely in this setting, with Moses delivering his farewell address and urging the people to maintain a God-centred focus upon crossing the Jordan River.

III.Important Points About Deuteronomy

• Chapters 9 and 10: Moses recounts the incident of the golden calf from his perspective, shedding light on the Israelites' disobedience.
• Chapters 27 to 30: Outline the blessings promised for obedience to God's law and the consequences of breaking it.
• Chapters 31 to 34: Narrate the events surrounding the death of Moses, concluding the narrative of the Pentateuch with a poignant farewell to the revered leader.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LAW

God emphasized the importance of His commandments throughout the Pentateuch, repeatedly urging His people to "remember" them. Parents were instructed to diligently teach God's laws to their children and grandchildren.

The Book of the Law

In Deuteronomy 31:26, it is noted that "this book of the law" was kept "in the side of the ark of the covenant."

Scriptures such as Joshua 8:34-35, Deuteronomy 31:9-13, and Nehemiah 8 document instances where Israel gathered to hear the law of Moses read aloud.

I.Kings and the Law

Every King of Israel was required to transcribe a copy of the law and to continuously study it throughout their reign.

Deuteronomy 17:18-19 states:

And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites: And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:

II.Writing the Law on Homes

God also commanded His people to write His laws on the doorposts and gates of their homes.

Deuteronomy 11:20 states:

And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates:

III.Types of Laws in the Pentateuch

In the Pentateuch, you will encounter various types of laws. While some may appear unusual, it is crucial to understand their historical context and purpose. The Mosaic Law, known as the Law of Moses, comprises three main parts: moral, ceremonial, and civil laws.

a.Moral Laws

• These laws reveal God’s character. They are a reflection of who He is.
• Moral laws are unchanging – just as God is unchanging.

Malachi 3:6 states:

For I am the LORD, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed.

b.Examples of Moral Law:

When Adam and Eve disobeyed God, when Cain killed Abel, and when Jacob lied to his father, these were all examples of God's "Moral laws" being broken.

c.Moral Laws in the Mosaic Law:

The Moral laws are included in the Mosaic Law, encapsulated in the "Ten Commandments." However, they were in effect long before Moses transcribed them.

We can find God's Moral laws reiterated in the New Testament.

IV.Ceremonial Laws

• These laws were given to prepare people to worship a Holy God.
• They include commandments about sacrifices, being clean and separate, and the institution of remembrance feasts and festivals.
• These laws were temporary; under the New Covenant, they were fulfilled in Jesus.

a.Fulfillment in Jesus:

• When Jesus died on the Cross, He became the Ultimate Sacrifice. It is through Him that you are made clean and pure, not through ceremonial cleansing or water baptism.
• The Ceremonial laws were temporary and fulfilled in Jesus under the New Covenant.

Matthew 5:17-18 states:

Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

V.Civil Laws

• These laws were given to govern the nation of Israel.
• They included punishments for those who broke these laws.

a.Modern Application:

Today, God's people live in many different nations and under various forms of government. We are not bound by the civil laws given to Israel. However, civil law as described in the Bible serves as the foundation for law and government in many countries.

Why Was the Law of Moses Given?

I.The Law as a Schoolmaster

In Greek society, families often had a slave who supervised the master's children. His responsibilities included ensuring the children attended school, completed their homework, and understood manners and social customs. While this slave could discipline the children when necessary, he was not their teacher.

II.Paul’s Analogy:

Paul likely had this in mind when he wrote "the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ." Jewish believers and Gentiles in Galatia had been troubled by believers from Jerusalem who instructed them to keep the law of Moses.

III.Jesus Fulfills the Law:

Jesus fulfills the Old Covenant, as indicated in John 5:39 and Hebrews 10:7 which you should read!

Galatians 3:24 states:

Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith.

The Purpose of the Law

I.Guiding to Christ:

Paul instructs the believers in Galatia that the law of Moses served as a teacher to guide the Jewish people to Jesus Christ. He emphasizes that the true children of Abraham are those who have faith. (Reading Paul's letter to the Galatians provides further insight into this teaching.)

The purpose of the law was to help the people of Israel recognize their need for a Saviour.

Romans 3:20 states:

Therefore by the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified in his sight: for by the law is the knowledge of sin.

The Law as a Shadow

The law of Moses was simply a shadow, a representation, or a basic outline of what was to come.

Hebrews 10:1 states:

For the law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with those sacrifices which they offered year by year continually make the comers thereunto perfect.

The New Covenant and the Law

Under the New Covenant, the Ten Commandments or moral law, once written on tablets of stone, are now inscribed on the "doorposts" of our hearts. When we are born again, the Holy Spirit writes God's laws within our hearts and minds.

Hebrews 10:16 states:

This is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I write them;

Contrast Between Covenants:

The Old Covenant only brought guilt and punishment, but in the New Covenant, we find love and forgiveness.

Did you know? The Ten Commandments were inscribed on two tablets of stone. It is believed that the first four commandments were on one tablet, outlining how to worship and please God. The last six, on the second tablet, detail man's duties to each other.

OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY

Why Are These Books Important?

I.Key Historical Events

The second category of books in the Bible is known as the "Books of History." These twelve books chronicle significant events in Israel's history, such as:

• Entering the land of Canaan
• The need for judges (military leaders)
• The transition from a theocracy to a monarchy
• The division of the nation into northern and southern kingdoms
• The captivity of both kingdoms
• The return of the people of the southern kingdom from Babylon

II.Revealing God's Nature

These books are not merely historical accounts; they also reveal profound truths about God. Through them, we learn about:

• God's character
• His relationship with His people
• How to please Him

III.Learning from Biblical Heroes and Villains

By delving into the stories of heroes of the faith listed in Hebrews 11:4-40 and the villains described in 1 Corinthians 10:1-13, we gain insight into God's perfect will and the consequences of sin.

IV.Understanding Pre-Cross Events

When reading these Old Testament books, remember that all these stories occurred before Jesus came and died on the Cross. They happened before Jesus preached the message of "love your enemies." The people in the Old Testament did not have Jesus living in their hearts to help them live free from sin. However, thankfully, examples of God's patience, grace, and forgiveness are found in these stories!

God's Chosen People

I.The Covenant with Abraham

When God made a covenant with Abraham, He promised him that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars in the sky.

Genesis 15:5 states:

And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be.

II.The Formation of Israel

In time, Abraham's literal descendants became known as "the people of Israel," named after his grandson Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. They also became known as Jews.

III.God's Promise of Salvation

Through Abraham and this nation of people, God promised to bring salvation to the entire world, with Jesus being born to Jewish parents.

IV.The Prophetic Significance

Reading Genesis 15:5 provides a picture of a heavenly body and a heavenly people, pointing to Paul's words in Ephesians about being "seated in heavenly places in Christ Jesus," which you can find in Ephesians 2:6. Additionally, Romans 9:1-9 sheds light on this promise.

V.The Hope of a Coming Saviour

The hope of a coming Saviour is woven throughout the entire Old Testament. Understanding Israel's history is crucial to comprehending the rest of the Bible. These accounts were written for our spiritual learning, as mentioned in both Romans and 1 Corinthians.

Romans 15:4 states:

For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope.

1 Corinthians 10:11 states:

Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples: and they are written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are come.

The Recurring Pattern in Israel's History

I.Faithfulness Brings Blessings

Throughout these books of history, you will notice a recurring pattern. When Israel remained faithful to God, He blessed and protected them from their enemies.

II.Unfaithfulness Leads to Consequences

However, when Israel turned to idol worship, God withdrew His blessings and protection.

Foreshadowing Christ in the Old Testament

I.The Symbolism of Events and Objects

Several events, people, and objects in the Old Testament point to Jesus' eventual coming and His great sacrifice on Calvary:

• The red cord that saved Rahab and her family in Jericho symbolizes the blood of Jesus, which saves from sin.
• Joshua's name, meaning "the Lord's salvation," foreshadows Jesus' role as the Saviour.
• Samuel, serving as a prophet, priest, and judge, parallels Jesus' multifaceted roles, as seen in Matthew 21:11, Hebrews 9:24-26, and Romans 14:10.
• David, born in Bethlehem, a shepherd, and a king, typifies Christ in various aspects of his life.

II.The Significance of Christ’s Foreshadowing

These examples, among many others, foreshadow Christ's birth, life, death, and resurrection. Understanding these connections deepens our appreciation of the Old Testament and its role in revealing God's redemptive plan.

THE TWELVE HISTORICAL BOOKS

Overview of Joshua

Joshua is the first of the twelve historical books and the sixth book of the Bible. It was written by Joshua and unknown scribes around 1375 BC and comprises twenty-four chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

The book of Joshua marks the beginning of Israel's journey as a nation, detailing events after the Exodus. After Moses' death, Joshua assumes leadership and leads Israel through seven years of battles to conquer Canaan, starting with the crossing of the Jordan River near Jericho.

These battles teach Israel that victory comes through faith and obedience to God.

By adhering to God's instructions, Joshua ensures victory, and afterward, the land is divided among the twelve tribes of Israel.

1. Important Points

• Rahab and Jericho: In Joshua 6, Rahab the harlot protected the Israelite spies, and as a result, she and her family were saved. She later married into an Israelite family, giving birth to Boaz, who was in the lineage leading to David and Jesus. Joshua and his army surrounded Jericho, blew trumpets, and shouted, causing the walls to fall down.
• The Sun Stands Still: Joshua 10 recounts how the sun stood still in the skies as Joshua and his men fought and defeated the Amorites.
• Joshua’s Final Address: In Joshua 23-24, Joshua delivers his final address before passing away at the age of 110.
• Overview of Judges

Judges is the second of the twelve historical books and the seventh book in the Bible. It was likely written by the prophet Samuel around 1050 BC and comprises twenty-one chapters.

II.Key Events and Themes

The book of Judges reveals how quickly the nation of Israel fell into trouble due to unfaithfulness to God, showing a cycle of betrayals and repentance.

• During this period, God desired to be the leader of Israel, urging the people to trust in Him rather than rely on a king.
• Over 350 years, Israel was governed by a succession of fifteen judges, including both good leaders like Deborah and Samuel, and corrupt ones like Abimelech.

The book recounts seven cycles of oppression by Israel's enemies, followed by cries for help and deliverance through the judges appointed by God.

III.Important Points

• Deborah and Barak: In Judges 4, Deborah and Barak emerge victorious over their Canaanite adversaries.
• Gideon's Victory: Judges 6 depicts Gideon's remarkable triumph over the Midianites with a mere 300 men.
• Samson and Delilah: In Judges 16, Delilah cunningly deceives Samson and robs him of his strength.

Overview of Ruth

Ruth is the third of the twelve historical books and the eighth book of the Bible. Like Judges, it was likely written by Samuel somewhere between 1050 and 1000 BC and comprises four chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

• Ruth, a Moabite and descendant of Lot, made the decision to stay with her widowed mother-in-law Naomi in Bethlehem after her husband's death, rather than returning to her homeland. She eventually marries Boaz, her kinsman redeemer, and becomes the great-grandmother of King David.
• In the book of Ruth, the word "kinsman" is mentioned thirty times, signifying someone who redeems or buys back.
• This theme points to Jesus and the redemption He offers to all of us through His sacrifice on Calvary, freeing us from the bondage of sin.

II.Important Points

• Ruth Meets Boaz: In Ruth 3, Ruth encounters Boaz on the threshing floor.
• Marriage and Lineage: Ruth 4 narrates the marriage of Boaz and Ruth, leading to the birth of Obed, who later becomes the father of Jesse and the grandfather of David.

Overview of 1 Samuel

1 Samuel is the fourth of the twelve historical books and the ninth book of the Bible. It was written by Samuel, Nathan, and Gad around 900 BC and comprises thirty-one chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

Originally, 1 and 2 Samuel comprised a single book but were separated into two when translated from Hebrew to Greek. 1 Samuel chronicles Israel's history from the birth of Samuel through the challenges leading up to David's kingship. The narrative concludes with the death of King Saul, paving the way for David to assume the throne.

During this period of Israel's history, there was a demand for a king, influenced by the presence of kings in surrounding nations. Saul was the first king, followed by David.

II.Important Points

• Samuel's Dedication: Samuel’s mother gives him to the priests to raise.
• Samuel Hears God’s Voice: Samuel hears God’s voice as a boy.
• Anointing of David: Samuel anoints David as the future king.
• David and Goliath: David kills Goliath.
• Saul and the Witch of Endor: Saul calls on a witch to bring the prophet Samuel back to life and speak to him.

Overview of 2 Samuel

2 Samuel is the fifth of the twelve historical books and the tenth book of the Bible. It comprises twenty-four chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

The book of 2 Samuel picks up with David's seven-year reign as king in Hebron and concludes with his passing after ruling from age 30 to 70. David is revered as Israel's first exemplary king, a rarity in their history.

• The initial ten chapters highlight David’s prowess as a warrior and leader, coupled with his dedication to pleasing God.
• Subsequent chapters depict David grappling with trials, including family turmoil such as his regrettable act of adultery with Bathsheba and the loss of their infant son.
• David also faces a rebellion led by his eldest son Absalom, whose demise comes tragically as he becomes ensnared by his own hair in an oak tree during the coup attempt.

II.Important Points

• The Ark of the Covenant: In 2 Samuel 6, David joyfully brings the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem, but his exuberant dancing embarrasses his wife.
• David’s Sin with Bathsheba: 2 Samuel 11 recounts David's sinful act of taking Bathsheba, another man's wife.
• Absalom’s Rebellion: 2 Samuel 18 details the attempted coup and the tragic death of David's son Absalom.

Overview of 1 Kings

1 Kings is the sixth of the twelve historical books and the eleventh book of the Bible. The writer is unknown, but it appears to have been written during the great exile to Babylon around 550 BC and comprises twenty-one chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

Similar to the books of Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings were originally one book, chronicling the history of both the kings of Judah and Israel in a chronological fashion.

• The narrative commences with the death of King David and the ascension of King Solomon, followed by the division of the kingdom after approximately 100 years.
• Solomon's son Rehoboam triggers this division by imposing heavy taxes against the advice of the elders. Consequently, the two kingdoms of Israel to the north and Judah to the south endure until the Babylonian invasion and subsequent exile, starting around 586 BC.

II.Important Points

• Elijah and the Prophets of Baal: The story of Elijah and the prophets of Baal is found in 1 Kings 18.
• Kings of Israel and Judah: After the split in the kingdom, most of 1 Kings provides snippets about each of the kings, noting whether they did good or evil in the eyes of the Lord. Unfortunately, most did evil!

Overview of 2 Kings

2 Kings is the seventh of the twelve historical books and the twelfth book of the Bible. The writer is unknown, but the content is believed to have been written in Babylon around 550 BC during the great exile. It comprises twenty-two chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

2 Kings continues the reign of the kings of both Israel and Judah. It is a very dark time in the history of the Jewish people because most kings were not faithful and were greedy and selfish. However, there were some good kings like Jehoshaphat, Josiah, Joash, Uzziah, Jotham, and Hezekiah.

• Eventually, Babylonians and Assyrians conquered both kingdoms.
• The book also talks about Elijah's death and Elisha taking over, along with the miracles he performed.

II.Important Points

Elisha Receives Elijah's Spirit: In 2 Kings 2, Elijah dies, and Elisha receives a double portion of his spirit.

• Elisha’s Miracles: 2 Kings 4 tells of Elisha's miracles, including multiplying oil for a widow and raising the Shunammite's son from death.
• Naaman's Healing: 2 Kings 5 recounts Naaman being cured of leprosy by washing in the Jordan River.
• Elisha’s Death: 2 Kings 13 records the death of Elisha.
• Babylonian Invasion: 2 Kings 25 narrates the Babylonian invasion of Judah, which led to the destruction of Solomon's temple.

Overview of 1 Chronicles

1 Chronicles is the eighth of the twelve historical books and the thirteenth book of the Bible. The writer is unknown, but it appears to have been written around 450 BC after the great exile to Babylon had ended.

I.Key Events and Themes

Similar to the books of Samuel and Kings, Chronicles was originally one book. Its main focus is on what God wanted the remnant and their descendants to do, reminding them of God’s faithfulness, promises, power, and their identity as God’s people.

• It delves into Israel's history, starting with Adam and ending with King Solomon’s reign.

II.Important Points

• Genealogy from Adam to Abraham: 1 Chronicles 1 traces the genealogy from Adam to Abraham.
• David’s Instructions to Solomon: In 1 Chronicles 28, David entrusts his son Solomon with the task of building the temple based on plans given by God, as David had shed too much blood as a warrior.

Overview of 2 Chronicles

2 Chronicles is the ninth of the twelve historical books and the fourteenth book of the Bible. It comprises thirty-six chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

This book continues where 1 Chronicles left off, covering Solomon’s reign and the kings up until the Babylonian invasion and the Great Exile. Unlike 1 Chronicles, it focuses on the history of Judah without the northern Kingdom of Israel.

II.Important Points

• Solomon's Prayer for Wisdom: 2 Chronicles 1 depicts Solomon's prayer to God for wisdom instead of seeking a long life, power, or wealth, and by God's grace, he receives all.
• Construction of the Temple: Chapters 2 to 8 detail the information and events related to the construction of the temple.
• Visit of the Queen of Sheba: 2 Chronicles 9 recounts the visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solomon.
• The Great Exile: The final chapter, 2 Chronicles 36, summarises the 70 years of captivity during the Great Exile and highlights Cyrus, the King of Persia, releasing the Jews to return home and providing funds for the rebuilding of the Temple.

Overview of Ezra

Ezra is the tenth of the twelve historical books and the fifteenth book of the Bible. It comprises ten chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

This book recounts the rebuilding of Solomon’s Temple after the Babylonian exile, which occurred in two phases:

• The initial return was led by Zerubbabel, appointed governor of Judah by King Cyrus of Persia, who began the work but left it incomplete.
• The second return was led by Ezra and decreed by King Artaxerxes, aiming not only to finish Solomon’s Temple but also to restore Israel’s laws and religious systems, thus reestablishing Israel as a nation. (This topic will be further explored in the module “Daniel’s Seventy Weeks.”)

II.Important Points

• Repentance and Sanctity of Marriage: During the Babylonian captivity, men had married foreign women who led them away from God into idolatry. This trend persisted even upon their return to Jerusalem before the temple was rebuilt. However, the men repented and sent their foreign wives away. Ezra 9 highlights Ezra’s prayer for the sanctity of marriage.
• Renewal of Israel’s Relationship with God: By the end of Ezra, Israel had renewed its relationship with God and obeyed Him faithfully.

Overview of Nehemiah

Nehemiah is the eleventh of the twelve historical books and the sixteenth book of the Bible. It was written by Nehemiah around 425 to 400 BC and comprises thirteen chapters.

I.Key Events and Themes

The books of Ezra and Nehemiah were originally one manuscript. Nehemiah, whose name means "the comfort of Jehovah," served as cupbearer to King Artaxerxes and led the Jews on the third and final return to Jerusalem. He also organized the people in rebuilding Jerusalem's walls.

• Nehemiah’s account is unique as it is the only book in the Old Testament written in the first person.
• Despite significant opposition, the walls were rebuilt in just 52 days! Even Nehemiah's enemies had to acknowledge that it was the work of God.

Nehemiah 6:16 states:

And it came to pass, that when all our enemies heard thereof, and all the heathen that were about us saw these things, they were much cast down in their own eyes: for they perceived that this work was wrought of our God.

Although the physical rebuilding progressed rapidly, restoring the spiritual condition of God's people took years under Nehemiah's leadership.

II.Overview of Esther

Esther is the final book of the twelve historical books and the seventeenth book of the Bible. It was written around 450 BC but the writer is unknown. It comprises ten chapters.

III.Key Events and Themes

In this captivating story, you'll learn about Haman's sinister plan to annihilate the Jews. This plot, truly inspired by the devil, aimed to prevent the birth of the Saviour from the lineage of David, as promised by God. However, God intervened to prevent this catastrophe.

• Throughout the book, God's protective hand is evident. He raised up a deliverer in the form of a courageous young Jewish woman named Esther.
• The Feast of Purim commemorates God's faithfulness and protection, with Jews celebrating annually.

Traditionally, during Purim, Jews listen to the reading of the book of Esther. Whenever Haman's name is mentioned, they stomp their feet and make noise, symbolically blotting out his name as a reminder of God's triumph over evil.

IV.Important Points

Esther is the only book in the Bible that does not mention the name of God.

According to Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian who witnessed the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., in his work "Antiquities of the Jews," he identified Artaxerxes as the Greek name for the Persian Cyrus. Josephus also associated Artaxerxes with King Ahasuerus in the Book of Esther, who was Esther's husband, explaining his favor towards the Jewish people.

INTRODUCTION: THE BOOKS OF POETRY

In the second half of this Study Guide, you will discover how the gift of poetry is used to convey the wisdom of God. You will learn how to understand the different methods used by God’s artists to convey His truth.

While the creative and performing arts are often seen as simply a hobby, the Scriptures reveal how God gifted men and women in the areas of poetry, music, and craftsmanship for His glory and purpose.

As we will see in this study:

• The songs written by David have been a source of inspiration and encouragement.
• Job’s poetry has been a comfort to many in their time of trial.
• Solomon’s wisdom in poetry has provided timeless insight and perspective through the ages.

God has truly gifted men and women in the arts, including poetry, to artistically send a beautiful message to His people in the most memorable way.

Books of Wisdom

The five books of poetry are also known as the "Books of Wisdom" or "Books of Literature."

• In Hebrew, the word for wisdom means "skill for living," and these books teach us how to live our everyday lives.
• While other nations also had their own "wisdom literature," the Hebrew writings stood out because they focused on God.

Proverbs 1:7 states:

The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge: but fools despise wisdom and instruction.

The writers of these books of poetry understood the importance of wisdom given by God. Solomon, one of the writers, chose wisdom when asked by God what he wished for above all else.

Hebrew Poetry in the Bible

Hebrew poetry isn't only found in these five books; examples are scattered throughout the Old Testament.

• For instance, Lamech's Psalm of lament in Genesis 4:23-24 expresses deep grief or mourning.
• Sometimes poetry appears as a beautiful song, like the "song of Moses" in Exodus 15:1-18, 21.
• Other times, it takes the form of a prayer, such as "Hannah's prayer" in 1 Samuel 2:1-10.
• Poetry can also manifest as a riddle, like "Samson's riddle" in Judges 14:12-14, akin to a word puzzle.

Throughout Bible poetry, you often encounter the Jewish people's strong desire for a relationship with God.

Poetry Types and Styles

In the Old Testament book of Psalms, we encounter songs, while in the book of Proverbs, we find teaching poetry.

• The teaching poetry in Proverbs covers various aspects of life, morals, and also delves into life's challenges through what we might term dramatic poetry.
• Unlike much of today's poetry, Psalms and Proverbs do not typically rhyme or have a rhythmic pattern. Hebrew poems and Psalms are structured with lines of approximately equal length.
• They employ a literary device known as parallelism, where the first line expresses a thought, and the second line restates the same idea using different words.

Examples of Parallelism

I.Psalm 119:105:

Psalm 119:105 is a good example where the second line "explains" the first line.

Psalm 119:105 states:

Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.

• The first line, "Thy word is a lamp unto my feet," introduces the idea that God's word provides guidance.
• The second line, "and a light unto my path," restates and expands this idea, emphasizing how God's word illuminates the way forward.

II.Psalm 23:1:

Psalm 23:1 states:

The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.

• The first line introduces the idea that the Lord is our shepherd, providing care and guidance.
• The second line describes the consequence of this relationship, affirming that because the Lord is our shepherd, we lack nothing. The second line explains that under God's care, all our needs are met.

III.Psalm 30:5:

Psalm 30:5 states:

For his anger endureth but a moment; in his favour is life: weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning.

• The first line contrasts God's temporary anger with His enduring favour, illustrating the shift from sorrow to joy.
• The second line continues this contrast, comparing the brief period of weeping at night to the joy that comes with the morning. The second line emphasizes the temporary nature of suffering and the certainty of relief and happiness.

Parallelism in Hebrew poetry involves expressing a thought in the first line and then repeating or expanding that thought using different words in the second line. It's about thought rhyme rather than word rhyme.

This literary technique helps to emphasize, explain, or contrast the ideas, making the message more memorable and impactful.

THE FIVE BOOKS OF POETRY

Overview of Job

Job is the first of the five books of poetry and the eighteenth book of the Bible. The writer is unknown, but it is believed to have been written around the time of Abraham, around 1900 BC. The book comprises forty-two chapters.

I.Key Themes and Lessons

The name Job means "persecuted one," and it's believed he lived during the time of the Patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This book narrates Job's immense losses, including his children, property, and personal afflictions, revealing the profound suffering he endured.

• Throughout the book, you will encounter many questions that can only find answers in Jesus Christ.
• Regarded as a "masterpiece of literature," Lord Tennyson described it as the "greatest poem of ancient or modern times."

From this book, two important lessons emerge:

• Suffering can lead to spiritual growth.
• It can also serve as a powerful testimony of God's grace to others.

II.Important Points

• Job's Blessings and Trials: Chapters 1 and 2 describe Job's blessings and subsequent losses in a trial orchestrated by Satan.
• Conversations with Friends: Chapters 3 through 37 depict Job conversing with three friends who attempt to console him but end up accusing him of deserving his suffering due to sin. Job, however, maintains his innocence and refuses to speak ill of God.
• God's Confrontation: Chapters 38 through 40 see God confronting them all, particularly Job, with a powerful speech about the limitations of human understanding when it comes to questioning His actions.
• Restoration: Finally, in the closing chapter, Chapter 42, God restores all of Job's losses, blessing him with twice as much as before and granting him ten more children.

Overview of Psalms

Psalms is the second of the five books of poetry and the nineteenth book of the Bible. It was written by many contributors, including Moses, David, and Solomon. The book comprises 150 chapters.

III.Key Themes and Usage

Individual Psalms were composed as early as 1450 BC during Moses' time and continued to be added through the periods of David and Solomon around 1000 BC, with further additions after the Babylonian captivity around 500 BC. This extensive timeline means that the writing of Psalms spanned nearly 1000 years, covering various subjects and emotions, all written from the heart and not history.

• The Hebrew title for this book is "songs of praise," while the Greek title is "songs set to music."
• This hymnbook was used by the Hebrews for praising and worshiping God. Psalms were sung during Israelite worship, including during journeys to Jerusalem and after returning from Babylonian captivity.

The diverse writers composed Psalms about various topics, including:

• The nation of Israel
• Nature
• The coming Messiah
• Sorrow for one's sins
• Trusting God and His blessings

Reading the Psalms highlights the importance of having a personal relationship with God.

In the New Testament, we are instructed to use Psalms:

Ephesians 5:19 states:

Speaking to yourselves in Psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord;

James 5:13 states:

Is any among you afflicted? let him pray. Is any merry? let him sing Psalms.

IV.Important Features

At the end of many Psalms, you will often see the word "Selah." According to the Amplified Bible, "Selah" means to pause and reflect or calmly think about what was just said.

Acrostic Psalms: Several Psalms are acrostics, meaning each line or group of lines follows the alphabetical order of the Hebrew alphabet. Psalm 119 is a notable example of this. This structure may have been used to aid in memorization.

Division into Five Books: In ancient times, the book of Psalms was divided into five books, which corresponded with the five books of the Torah (Law):

• Psalms 1-41 – THE GENESIS BOOK (Psalms concerning man - God is near us)
• Psalms 42-72 – THE EXODUS BOOK (Psalms concerning Israel as a nation - God goes before us)
• Psalms 73-89 – THE LEVITICUS BOOK (Psalms concerning the sanctuary - God surrounds us)
• Psalms 90-106 – THE NUMBERS BOOK (Psalms concerning Israel and other nations - God is above us)
• Psalms 107-150 – THE DEUTERONOMY BOOK (Psalms concerning God and His Word - God is among us)

Overview of Proverbs

Proverbs is the third book of poetry and the twentieth book of the Bible. It was written by Solomon and other unknown contributors between 970 and 675 BC and comprises thirty-one chapters.

I.Key Themes and Teachings

This book is a collection of "words of the wise," as described in:

Proverbs 22:17:

Bow down thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply thine heart unto my knowledge.

• In the time of King Solomon, there were writers and teachers known as "the wise men" or "the wise." Alongside the priests and prophets, "the wise" assisted in guiding the people of Israel by collecting and imparting proverbs to the people.
• A common teaching method was to convey unpleasant messages through parables and proverbs. Many years later, Jesus also employed the use of parables in His teachings.

Matthew 13:34 states:

All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable spake he not unto them:

Although the Hebrews referred to this book as the "Parables of Solomon," not all of Solomon's songs and proverbs were preserved.

1 Kings 4:32 notes:

And he spake three thousand proverbs: and his songs were a thousand and five.

Proverbs is renowned for its concise instructions for living a fruitful life on earth. Unlike many other Old Testament books, it contains no stories or theology. Instead, it presents wisdom for all to benefit from and apply in their lives.

II.Key Principles

Two key principles emphasized in Proverbs are:

• Listening to the wisdom of those who have preceded us, such as parents, teachers, and older individuals in general.
• Cultivating humility.

Overview of Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes is the fourth book of poetry and the twenty-first book of the Bible. It was written by Solomon between 940 and 930 BC and comprises twelve chapters.

I.Key Themes and Teachings

This book is also known as "the Preacher," which refers to "one who addresses or speaks to an assembly." It comprises various styles of literature, including poetry, proverbs, and narratives or stories.

• Within this book, you will encounter many questions and reflections about the meaning of life and our purpose in God.
• Ecclesiastes often wrestles with the futility and vanity of life without God but ultimately points to the importance of fearing God and keeping His commandments.

Solomon concluded this book by writing:

Ecclesiastes 12:13 states:

Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments: for this is the whole duty of man.

There are many aspects of life that may be beyond our comprehension. In such times, it's crucial to place our faith and trust in the One who holds all the answers to our questions.

Overview of Song of Solomon

Song of Solomon is the fifth and last book of poetry and the twenty-second book of the Bible. It was written by Solomon between 940 and 930 BC and comprises eight chapters. However, it should be read as one continuing poem or love song.

I.Key Themes and Interpretations

Another title for this book is the "Song of Songs," also known as the best song. This title can be compared to the "God of gods" in Deuteronomy 10:17, the "Lord of lords" in Psalm 136:3, and the "King of kings" in Revelation 17:14.

• The Song of Songs is considered allegorical, meaning that the narrative conveys spiritual lessons. It symbolizes the love God had for Israel and also foreshadows the profound love Christ has for His bride, the church.
• Just as a husband and wife are intended to have a close, personal, and loving relationship, Christ desires the same kind of intimate connection with each individual believer.

WISDOM FOR EVERYDAY LIVING

The Comfort of Psalms

These books of poetry have been preserved to comfort, assist, and challenge us in our daily lives. Throughout history, the Psalms have provided great encouragement to God's people:

• Perseverance in Persecution: According to Fox's Book of Martyrs, believers would recite Psalms even while facing persecution, such as being burned at the stake.
• Solace in Battle: Stories abound of soldiers finding solace in singing Psalms while marching or in battle.

The Hope Found in Job

Many afflicted Christians have found comfort and hope through reading the book of Job, especially during times of personal suffering and trials.

Wisdom for Family and Future

Within these books, parents have discovered wisdom for raising their children, offering timeless principles for guidance and discipline.

Young people have found guidance for their future, drawing on the practical teachings found in Proverbs and Ecclesiastes.

God-Given Wisdom for Every Situation

Every situation in life is met with God-given wisdom recorded in these books. Whether in moments of joy, sorrow, uncertainty, or challenge, the wisdom contained in these poetic writings is designed to help believers navigate life's complexities with faith and understanding.

The Richness of the Poetic Books

The books of poetry—Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon—are rich reservoirs of wisdom and guidance. They have been preserved not only as literary masterpieces but as spiritual tools to encourage, instruct, and uplift believers throughout the ages.

I.Key Themes and Insights

• These writings offer insights into:
• The human experience and the complexities of life, reflecting the full range of emotions and situations we encounter.
• The importance of wisdom and the fear of the Lord, teaching us how to live wisely and righteously.
• The intimacy of a personal relationship with God, illustrating how our relationship with Him can be close, personal, and loving.

II.Application for Everyday Life

By engaging with these texts, believers are equipped with the spiritual wisdom necessary for everyday living and are reminded of the timeless truths that continue to speak to us today.

SUMMARY

The Books of the Law

The Books of the Law—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—are foundational to the Old Testament and outline the laws given to the Israelites. These books, traditionally attributed to Moses, contain moral, ceremonial, and civil laws that reveal God's character and set the stage for understanding the need for a Saviour. The primary purpose of these books is to point to Jesus Christ.

The Books of History

The Books of History—including Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and others—recount Israel's history, highlighting key events such as:

• The conquest of Canaan
• The era of the judges
• The establishment of the monarchy

These books not only document historical events but also reveal profound truths about God's nature, His relationship with His people, and the consequences of faithfulness and unfaithfulness. They emphasize the recurring pattern in Israel's history where faithfulness to God brought blessings, while unfaithfulness led to consequences.

The Books of Poetry (Wisdom)

The Books of Poetry, also known as the Books of Wisdom, include Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon. These books use poetry to convey wisdom and spiritual truths.

Hebrew poetry, found throughout the Old Testament, often employs parallelism, where a thought in the first line is expanded or contrasted in the second line.

• The Psalms are rich in emotional expression and are used for worship and spiritual reflection.
• Proverbs offers practical wisdom for daily living, while Ecclesiastes grapples with the meaning of life, ultimately pointing to the importance of fearing God.
• The Song of Solomon is an allegory of God's love for Israel and Christ's love for the church.

Essential Teachings and Relevance

These books provide essential teachings on law, history, and wisdom, guiding believers in:

• Understanding God's will
• Living righteously
• Developing a personal relationship with God

They remain relevant for spiritual growth and understanding God's redemptive plan throughout history.